Party-list registration and representation across four elections, 2016 to 2025.
By Atty. Dexter S. CircaSee the disclaimer.
Concentration against the seat line, 2025
All 155 groups on the 2025 ballot plotted.Horizontal: the share of a party-list's national vote from one region.Vertical: total national votes, on a log scale. Above the dashed line won a seat.
The chart is wider than this screen — scroll it sideways →
| Group | Votes | Largest region % | Largest region | Result |
|---|
Concentration against the seat line, 2022
All 177 groups on the 2022 ballot plotted.Same axes and the same construction as every other year, so the four are directly comparable.
The chart is wider than this screen — scroll it sideways →
| Group | Votes | Largest region % | Largest region | Result |
|---|
How to read it
The right-hand edge is the strategy. Alona took a seat with 96.9% of its vote from Calabarzon — and nearly all of that from Quezon province alone. Uswag Ilonggo, brand new that year, won on 96.4% from Western Visayas, and API on 94.6% from Ilocos.
Narrowness alone doesn't clear the bar. Asenso Pinoy was just as concentrated at 74.8%, topped Northern Mindanao, and finished about 4,200 votes short of the last seat. Horizontal position tells you the strategy; only vertical position tells you whether the base was big enough.
There is more than one route, and 2022 shows both ends of it. The last seat went to Akbayan on 236,226 votes with only 27.3% from its largest region — a diffuse national vote that just cleared. 4Ps won 848,237 with 13.1%, and Coop Natcco the most diffuse vote of any winner at 12.1%. Concentration is the cheap route, not the only one.
Concentration against the seat line, 2016
All 115 groups on the 2016 ballot plotted.Horizontal: the share of a party-list's national vote from one region.Vertical: total national votes, on a log scale. Above the dashed line won a seat.
The chart is wider than this screen — scroll it sideways →
| Group | Votes | Largest region % | Largest region | Result |
|---|
How to read it
The diffuse route dominated. Apart from Ako Bicol, every one of 2016’s largest groups was national rather than regional: ACT Teachers took 1,180,752 votes with only 12.1% from its largest region, Gabriela 1,367,795 on 26.1%, 1Pacman 1,310,197 on 17.9%. Only four winners sat above 80% concentration and only Alona, on 93.5% from Calabarzon, above 90%.
Concentration without base failed here too. A.I. drew 92.7% of its vote from Western Visayas and finished on 223,880 — about 17,000 short. Adda took 69.1% from Ilocos on 226,751, about 14,000 short. The left-hand edge of the 2025 chart is visible in the first year of the series.
And the closest miss was diffuse, not concentrated. Ating Guro finished on 237,566 votes, about 3,200 below Agbiag!, with a quarter of its vote from Central Visayas. Nothing about the shape of a group’s support decided these outcomes; the size of its base did.
Concentration against the seat line, 2019
All 134 groups on the 2019 ballot plotted.Horizontal: the share of a party-list's national vote from one region.Vertical: total national votes, on a log scale. Above the dashed line won a seat.
The chart is wider than this screen — scroll it sideways →
| Group | Votes | Largest region % | Largest region | Result |
|---|
How to read it
The cheapest bar in the series met the emptiest ballot. A seat cost 195,837 votes in 2019, less than any other year — and 41.04% of the ballots cast in the contest produced nothing at all. Both facts come from the same place: fewer people used this part of the ballot, so the total the seats were divided against was smaller.
The largest party-list vote of the decade, to that point, was diffuse. ACT-CIS took 2,651,987 votes with 25.8% from Metro Manila — a figure nothing beat until Akbayan in 2025. Five winners sat above 80% concentration and one above 90%.
Akbayan is the arc to put in front of a board, next to Asenso Pinoy. It missed in 2019 on 173,356 votes, about 22,500 short. In 2022 it took the last seat on exactly 236,226. In 2025 it topped the entire ballot on 2,779,621. A miss in one cycle is a starting position, not a verdict.
The narrowest miss was in BARMM. AKMA-PTM finished on 191,804 votes, 54.0% of them from BARMM, about 4,000 below the line — in one of the eleven regions that still had no anchored vehicle of its own in 2025.
Thin returns — failures of election and disrupted canvassing
Voters, votes and the seat line, 2016 to 2025
Five counts on one log axis, so the seat line and the electorate can be read against each other. Click a line, or a legend chip, to bring it forward and see its percentages. 2025 carries two seat-line dots: the paler one is COMELEC's allocation of 16 May 2025, before Duterte Youth's registration was cancelled.
The chart is wider than this screen — scroll it sideways →
Non-electing ballots
The chart is wider than this screen — scroll it sideways →
| Region | Blank ballots 2025 | Rate 2022 | Rate 2025 | Change | Size of the pool |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central Luzon | 1,311,586 | 27.8% | 20.1% | -7.7 | |
| Calabarzon | 1,221,716 | 25.0% | 15.6% | -9.4 | |
| Central Visayas | 912,117 | 37.4% | 24.0% | -13.4 | |
| Eastern Visayas | 796,621 | 35.6% | 29.0% | -6.6 | |
| Bicol | 796,201 | 36.9% | 23.1% | -13.8 | |
| Davao Region | 790,790 | 37.0% | 28.4% | -8.5 | |
| Metro Manila | 775,876 | 20.1% | 12.8% | -7.3 | |
| Negros Island Region | 762,516 | — | 29.5% | — | |
| Northern Mindanao | 626,618 | 39.6% | 23.0% | -16.6 | |
| Western Visayas | 605,482 | 31.7% | 22.6% | -9.1 | |
| Ilocos | 579,765 | 29.9% | 18.2% | -11.6 | |
| Zamboanga Peninsula | 559,939 | 41.6% | 24.1% | -17.5 | |
| Caraga | 488,141 | 40.0% | 30.3% | -9.7 | |
| Cagayan Valley | 463,988 | 35.9% | 23.2% | -12.7 | |
| Soccsksargen | 438,085 | 35.2% | 19.9% | -15.2 | |
| Mimaropa | 360,562 | 36.5% | 21.3% | -15.2 | |
| BARMM | 287,602 | 26.2% | 18.2% | -8.0 | |
| Cordillera | 181,101 | 34.1% | 19.2% | -14.9 |
Party-list seats by advocacy — 17th to 20th Congress
Seatless Advocacies
Each line is a sector's combined vote as a multiple of that year's seat line. The dashed rule is one seat. A filled dot means the sector held at least one seat that year; a hollow dot means it held none.
Health
1.66× the seat line · 411,127 votes across 3 groups · was 2.87× in 2016, 2.03× in 2019, 2.78× in 2022
Held a seat in 2016, 2019, 2022. Best in 2025: ANAKALUSUGAN, 154,121 — short by at most about 93,500.
Overseas Filipino Workers
1.24× the seat line · 306,839 votes across 2 groups · was 3.11× in 2016, 2.21× in 2019, 2.98× in 2022
Held a seat in 2016, 2019, 2022. Best in 2025: OFW, 246,609 — short by at most about 1,100.
Persons with Disabilities
0.87× the seat line · 214,605 votes across 1 group · was 0.49× in 2016, — in 2019, 1.65× in 2022
Held a seat in 2022. Best in 2025: P3PWD, 214,605 — short by at most about 33,000.
Internet Connectivity
0.57× the seat line · 141,041 votes across 1 group · was 0.14× in 2016, 0.08× in 2019, 0.48× in 2022
Has never won a seat. Best in 2025: WIFI, 141,041 — short by at most about 107,000.
Sports
0.53× the seat line · 131,724 votes across 2 groups · was 3.21× in 2016, 2.08× in 2019, 1.24× in 2022
Held a seat in 2016, 2019, 2022. Best in 2025: GILAS, 96,646 — short by at most about 151,000.
Party-lists by advocacy — 2016 to 2025
The population is the groups that appeared on the ballot — 115 in 2016, 134 in 2019, 177 in 2022 and 155 in 2025.
Note. These figures are project-derived from COMELEC’s published election results and delisting orders. COMELEC has not formally classified these groups as at risk or cancelled their registrations on this basis. Nor has the project confirmed that the thirty-eight comeback groups remain registered; they are leads to verify, not findings.
At risk for failure to participate — the groups
| Group | Ran in |
|---|---|
| 1-APTO | 2019 |
| 1-GB | 2016 |
| 1-LAMBAT | 2019 |
| 1-UTAK | 2019 |
| 1AAAP | 2019 |
| 1P | 2019 |
| A TAMBAY | 2016 and 2019 |
| A.I. | 2016 |
| AAB | 2016 |
| ACP | 2016 |
| ADDA | 2016 |
| AGBIAG! | 2016 and 2019 |
| AKO | 2019 |
| FFP | 2019 |
| GRECON | 2019 |
| INANG MAHAL | 2019 |
| KAP/KAKASA-KA | 2016 |
| LUNTIAN | 2019 |
| MATA | 2016 and 2019 |
| PARTIDO SANDUGO | 2019 |
| TAMA | 2016 and 2019 |
Lost in both 2022 and 2025 — the groups
| Group | 2022 votes | 2025 votes |
|---|---|---|
| APAT-DAPAT | 20,932 | 244,574 |
| DIWA | 234,771 | 196,138 |
| TODA | 174,250 | 182,453 |
| IPEACE EPANAW | 229,263 | 180,655 |
| PVAID | 14,198 | 165,240 |
| BAYAN MUNA | 219,277 | 161,289 |
| COCOMAN | 35,122 | 158,324 |
| H.E.L.P. PILIPINAS | 92,798 | 158,118 |
| A TEACHER | 220,922 | 157,791 |
| BABAE AKO | 39,193 | 157,079 |
| LUNAS | 103,081 | 152,863 |
| WIFI | 113,821 | 141,686 |
| AKO PADAYON | 132,180 | 135,461 |
| PAMILYANG MAGSASAKA | 157,760 | 116,530 |
| PAMILYA MUNA | 224,762 | 107,727 |
| TULUNGAN TAYO | 146,872 | 107,226 |
| BUHAY | 102,823 | 99,350 |
| IPATUPAD | 41,739 | 97,204 |
| BUNYOG | 56,833 | 92,619 |
| BTS | 157,144 | 80,965 |
| MAHARLIKA | 43,002 | 79,013 |
| MAGDALO | 118,461 | 78,180 |
| BG PARTY-LIST | 113,137 | 77,019 |
| ANG TINIG NG SENIORS | 104,836 | 66,660 |
| AKO OFW | 167,643 | 57,005 |
| AKTIBONG KAAGAPAY | 34,280 | 55,630 |
| ANG KOMADRONA | 63,973 | 52,815 |
| UNITED FRONTLINERS | 50,696 | 52,127 |
| ALSA BISAYA | 47,316 | 51,785 |
| TURISMO | 85,996 | 47,789 |
| ABP | 65,775 | 46,468 |
| AKO I.P. | 27,514 | 44,631 |
| MAAGAP | 19,558 | 35,870 |
| RAM | 69,670 | 26,910 |
| ARISE | 19,434 | 26,745 |
| CLICK PARTY | 55,790 | 26,011 |
| HUGPONG FEDERAL | 111,861 | 19,046 |
| ARTE | 42,026 | 14,127 |
Comeback groups for 2028 — the cohort, graded
| Grade | Group | Sector as coded | 2022 votes | Of the seat line | Identity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | KASAMA | Multi-sectoral Groups | 212,794 | 90.1% | |
| A | SAMBAYANAN | Indigenous Peoples | 184,742 | 78.2% | |
| A | ANGAT PINOY | Multi-sectoral Groups | 174,032 | 73.7% | |
| A | S.M.I.L.E | Multi-sectoral Groups | 158,064 | 66.9% | |
| A | FRONTLINERS ANG BIDA | Health | 144,708 | 61.3% | |
| B | PDP CARES | National Political Parties | 116,749 | 49.4% | |
| B | ACT AS ONE | Multi-sectoral Groups | 115,983 | 49.1% | |
| B | PASAHERO PARTYLIST | Transportation | 108,522 | 45.9% | |
| B | OK PARTYLIST | Multi-sectoral Groups | 108,136 | 45.8% | |
| B | IWI | Multi-sectoral Groups | 94,163 | 39.9% | |
| B | KAPAMILYA | Unclassified | 89,566 | 37.9% | |
| B | FPJ | Unclassified | 88,463 | 37.4% | |
| B | SUBANEN | Unclassified | 86,352 | 36.6% | |
| C | BARKADAHAN | Unclassified | 83,744 | 35.5% | name-change candidate, OPEN — 2025 ballot 61 BANAT (L1) |
| B | UMA ILONGGO | Unclassified | 73,312 | 31.0% | |
| B | AKKK | Unclassified | 68,335 | 28.9% | |
| B | AYUDA | Unclassified | 66,351 | 28.1% | |
| C | MOCHA | Unclassified | 64,033 | 27.1% | name-change candidate, OPEN — 2025 ballot 80 BOSES PARTY-LIST (L2) |
| B | STL | Unclassified | 60,213 | 25.5% | |
| B | MALABUNG | Unclassified | 59,442 | 25.2% | |
| B | KABAKA | Unclassified | 57,629 | 24.4% | |
| B | HOME OWNER | Unclassified | 53,487 | 22.6% | |
| B | BPO | Unclassified | 47,361 | 20.0% | |
| B | LBP | Unclassified | 42,859 | 18.1% | |
| B | DAMAYAN | Unclassified | 36,199 | 15.3% | |
| B | AKO BREEDER | Unclassified | 32,577 | 13.8% | |
| B | AKO MUSIKERO | Unclassified | 28,200 | 11.9% | |
| B | PSIS | Unclassified | 27,715 | 11.7% | |
| B | SILBI | Unclassified | 25,860 | 10.9% | |
| B | ASAP | Multi-sectoral Groups | 22,462 | 9.5% | |
| B | SOLID-CHANGE | Unclassified | 18,916 | 8.0% | |
| B | PASADA-CC | Unclassified | 17,373 | 7.4% | |
| B | UFCC | Unclassified | 16,637 | 7.0% | |
| B | AKAP PINOY | Unclassified | 16,075 | 6.8% | |
| B | ABB-NFCPI | Unclassified | 11,685 | 4.9% | |
| B | LIBRO | Unclassified | 11,036 | 4.7% | |
| B | L.O.G.R.O. KUSINERO | Unclassified | 8,249 | 3.5% | |
| B | KB | Unclassified | 7,827 | 3.3% |
Delisting Resolutions
Segmented by ground for delisting, with the groups that had won a seat earlier overlaid inside each band.
All three orders · Failure to qualify: 79 · Failure to participate: 25 · Special ground: 1 — 32 had won a seat before Res. 10273, 19 Mar 2018 · Failure to qualify: 18 · Failure to participate: 5 · Special ground: 1 — 5 had won a seat before Res. 10696, 17 Feb 2021 · Failure to qualify: 30 · Failure to participate: 9 — 15 had won a seat before Res. 11071, 1 Oct 2024 · Failure to qualify: 31 · Failure to participate: 11 — 12 had won a seat before
Hover, tap or focus a bar for one order.
| Party-list, as the order names it | Ground | Earlier seat |
|---|---|---|
| 1-AALALAY | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| 1-ABILIDAD | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| 1-PABAHAY | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| ABANTE RETIREES | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| AGHAM | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| ALE | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| AMA | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| AMOR SEAMAN | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| ANG KASANGGA | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| ANG PROLIFE | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| ARCAPP | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| ATING GURO | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| AWAT MINDANAO | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| BIDA | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| CHINOY | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| COCOFED | Special ground | Won a seat earlier |
| DISABLED/PWD | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| MIGRANTE | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| MTM PHILS | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| PISTON | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| SABOD | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| SANLAKAS | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| UMALAB KA | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| WPI | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| Party-list, as the order names it | Ground | Earlier seat |
|---|---|---|
| 1-AAMOVER | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| 1-AANI | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| 1-AHAPO | Failure to qualify | Coalition seat only (1-BAP, 2013) |
| ABAKADA | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| ABAMIN | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| ADING | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| AG | Failure to participate | Won a seat earlier |
| AKO AN BISAYA | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| ALAGAD | Failure to participate | Won a seat earlier |
| ALAY BUHAY | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| ALL-FISH | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| AMEPA OFW | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| ANAD | Failure to participate | Won a seat earlier |
| ANG NARS | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| ANG PAMILYA | Failure to participate | Won a seat earlier |
| ANUPA | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| APPEND | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| ASEAN | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| ATING KOOP | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| AVE | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| AWAKE | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| BANAT | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| CONSLA | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| FICTAP | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| GLOBAL | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| ITO ANG TAMA | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| KAKUSA | Failure to participate | Won a seat earlier |
| KALIKASAN PARTY-LIST | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| KAMAIS | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| KMM | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| METRO | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| PBB | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| PM | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| SAMAKO | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| SINAG | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| TAO MUNA | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| TINDERONG PINOY | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| TRICAP | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| UNIDO | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| Party-list, as the order names it | Ground | Earlier seat |
|---|---|---|
| 1-ABAA | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| 1-ANG EDUKASYON | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| 1-CARE | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| 1UTAP BICOL | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| AASENSO | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| ABANTE PILIPINAS | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| ABEKA | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| ABS | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| ABYAN ILONGGO | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| ACTS-OFW | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| AKIN | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| AKMA-PTM | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| AKO BISDAK | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| ALIF | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| ALON | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| AMANA | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| ANAC-IP | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| ANAKPAWIS | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| ANG KABUHAYAN | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| ANG PDR | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| ANGKLA | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| AP PARTYLIST | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| AYUDA SANDUGO | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| BUKLOD FILIPINO | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| BUTIL | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |
| CLASE | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| KABALIKAT | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| KGB | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| KONTRA BROWNOUT PARTYLIST | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| KOOP-KAMPI | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| MARVELOUS TAYO | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| MAYPAGASA | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| MELCHORA | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| NACTODAP | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| PDDS | Failure to participate | No qualifying win located |
| PEACE | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| PLM | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| PPP | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| PRAI | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| PTA | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| WOW PILIPINAS | Failure to qualify | No qualifying win located |
| YACAP | Failure to qualify | Won a seat earlier |